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Patent Değerlemesi ve Reel Opsiyonlar

Patent Değerlemesi ve Reel Opsiyonlar

Makale Bilgileri

Dergi: İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi

Makalenin Başlığı: Patent Değerlemesi ve Reel Opsiyonlar
[Patent Valuation and Real Options]

Yazar(lar): Değer Alper

Cilt: 2

Sayı: 1

Yıl: 2011

Sayfa: 153 – 172

ISSN: 1309-2448

Özet

Bilgi ekonomilerinin hızla büyümesi nedeni ile işletmeler artan şekilde fikri mülkiyet haklarına yatırım yapmaktadır ve günümüz işletmelerinde, patent, ticari marka, telif hakkı vb. gibi fikri mülkiyet haklarının değeri daha da önem kazanmıştır. Bunun sonucu olarak, bu varlıkların, özellikle patentlerin değerlenmesi, hem uygulamacılar hem de akademisyenler için en zor yatırım problemlerinden biri olmuştur. Geleneksel değerleme metotları patentlerin, belirsizlik ve yönetim esnekliği gibi, kendine özgü özelliklerini dikkate almaz. Patentler opsiyon benzeri varlıklardır ve sahiplerine, ürünleri ticarileştirme, yabancı ülkelerde başvuru yapma ve buluşu lisanslama vb. opsiyon demeti sunar. Reel opsiyonlar, opsiyon metodolojisinin stratejik işletme kararlarına uygulanmasını açıklar ve reel opsiyon modeli, patent değerlemesindeki unsurların analizi için daha zengin bir çerçeve sağlar. Bu çalışma, patentleri doğru değerlemede, reel opsiyon modelini çerçeve olarak kullanmakta ve reel opsiyon modeli kullanılarak yapılan patent değerlemesi uygulaması içermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Patent değerlemesi, Fikri mülkiyet, Reel opsiyonlar

JEL Sınıflandırması: G13, O34

Abstract

As the knowledge economics grows rapidly, businesses increasingly invest intellectual property and the value of intellectual property; patent, trademark, copyright etc., more emphasized in business nowadays. Thus, the valuation of intellectual property, specifically patents, has been one of the most difficult investment problems both for practitioners and academics. Traditional valuation methods fail to account for the unique characteristics of patents; uncertainty and management flexibility. Patents are option-like assets that give the owner a bundle of options; to commercialize the products, to file foreign application, to license the innovation etc. Real options represent the application of options methodology to strategic business decisions, and real option method provides a richer framework to analyse the issues that confront the valuation of patent. This paper uses real option model as a framework to correctly evaluate patent and contains real option model application to patent valuation.

Keywords: Patent valuation, Intellectual property, Real options

JEL Classification: G13, O34

 

 

Convergence among the Regions of Turkey: An Evidence from Random Coefficient Models

Convergence among the Regions of Turkey: An Evidence from Random Coefficient Models

Article Information

Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal

Title of Article: Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Yakınsaması: Rassal Katsayılı Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması

[Convergence among the Regions of Turkey: An Evidence from Random Coefficient Models]

Author(s): Fatma Zeren, Veli Yilanci

Volume: 2

Number: 1

Year: 2011

Page: 143 – 151

ISSN: 1309-2448

Abstract

In this study, we test whether there is income convergence among the regions of Turkey at the NUTS-2 level over the period 1991-2000. We use the random coefficient model for this purpose, which have been developed instead of fixed coefficient models and assumes economical relationships varies among the regions. We investigated whether there is absolute and conditional convergence or not for both among the regions and average of the regions. We used the rate of deposits in gross domestic product as a proxy for financial development to represent possible disparities among the regions and concluded that there is both absolute and conditional convergence for the average of the regions. On the other hand, at the regional level, there is absolute convergence for 17 regions and conditional convergence for 25 regions. Also, we found that the deposits have positive effect on per capita income as we expected.

Keywords: Convergence, Conditional convergence, Absolute convergence, Random coefficient models, Panel data models

JEL Classification: O47, C33

 

Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Yakınsaması: Rassal Katsayılı Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması

Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Yakınsaması: Rassal Katsayılı Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması

Makale Bilgileri

Dergi: İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi

Makalenin Başlığı: Türkiye’de Bölgeler Arası Gelir Yakınsaması: Rassal Katsayılı Panel Veri Analizi Uygulaması
[Convergence among the Regions of Turkey: An Evidence from Random Coefficient Models]

Yazar(lar): Fatma Zeren, Veli Yılancı

Cilt: 2

Sayı: 1

Yıl: 2011

Sayfa: 143 – 151

ISSN: 1309-2448

Özet

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de bölgeler arası gelir yakınsamasının olup olmadığı 1991-2000 arası NUTS-2 düzeyde panel veri seti kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bunun için sabit katsayılı modellere alternatif olarak geliştirilen ve ekonomik ilişkilerin bölgeden bölgeye değiştiği varsayımına bağlı olarak oluşturulan rassal katsayılı model kullanılmıştır. Bu model aracılığı ile hem ortalama olarak hem de her bir bölge için mutlak ve koşullu yakınsama araştırılmıştır. Koşullu yakınsamayı test etmek amacıyla bölgeler arası yapısal farklılığı temsilen finansal gelişim göstergesi olan mevduatların gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla içindeki oranları alınmıştır. Yapılan uygulama sonrasında, ortalama olarak bölgeler arasında hem mutlak hem de koşullu yakınsama olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bölgesel bazda ise, aynı durağan dengeye yakınsamayı araştıran mutlak yakınsamanın 17 bölgede gerçekleştiği, her bir bölgenin kendi durağan dengesine yakınsamasını araştıran koşullu yakınsamanın ise 25 bölgede gerçekleştiği sonucu elde edilmiştir. Her bir bölge için araştırılan yakınsamanın yanı sıra mevduat ile kişi başına gayri safi yurt içi hasıla arasındaki ilişki de tahmin edilmiştir. Beklentilere uygun olarak mevduatların, kişi başına geliri pozitif yönde etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yakınsama, Mutlak yakınsama, Koşullu yakınsama, Rassal katsayılı model, Panel veri modeli

JEL Sınıflandırması: O47, C33

Abstract

In this study, we test whether there is income convergence among the regions of Turkey at the NUTS-2 level over the period 1991-2000. We use the random coefficient model for this purpose, which have been developed instead of fixed coefficient models and assumes economical relationships varies among the regions. We investigated whether there is absolute and conditional convergence or not for both among the regions and average of the regions. We used the rate of deposits in gross domestic product as a proxy for financial development to represent possible disparities among the regions and concluded that there is both absolute and conditional convergence for the average of the regions. On the other hand, at the regional level, there is absolute convergence for 17 regions and conditional convergence for 25 regions. Also, we found that the deposits have positive effect on per capita income as we expected.

Keywords: Convergence, Conditional convergence, Absolute convergence, Random coefficient models, Panel data models

JEL Classification: O47, C33

 

 

An Empirical Analysis of Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Turkish Case

An Empirical Analysis of Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Turkish Case

Article Information

Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal

Title of Article: Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Bir Analizi: Türkiye Örneği
[An Empirical Analysis of Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Turkish Case]

Author(s): Burcu Ozcan, Ayse Ari

Volume: 2

Number: 1

Year: 2011

Page: 121 – 142

ISSN: 1309-2448

Abstract

Financial development, financial liberalization and financial deepness have been important research topics in recent years. Especially, the relationship between financial development and economic growth has been analyzed by many researchers. Different results have been obtained since the country sample and econometric methods used in the analysis are different. Thus, there isn’t any consensus about the presence and direction of this relationship. Some writers call this state “egg-chicken problem”. There are four situations about the direction of this relationship: from economic growth to financial development, from financial development to economic growth, bidirectional relationship or there may be no relationship between these variables. In this study the relationship between financial development and economic growth has been analyzed for Turkey by estimating a VAR Model over the 1998-2009 periods. According to Granger causality test, there is a uni-directional relationship between financial development and economic growth in Turkey. The direction of this relationship is from economic growth to financial development. Consequently, Robinson’s “demand-following hypothesis” is corroborated.

Keywords: Financial development, Financial liberalization, Financial deepness, Economic growth, VAR Model

JEL Classification: E02, E44, O16

 

 

Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Bir Analizi: Türkiye Örneği

Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Bir Analizi: Türkiye Örneği

Makale Bilgileri

Dergi: İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi

Makalenin Başlığı: Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Bir Analizi: Türkiye Örneği
[An Empirical Analysis of Relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Turkish Case]

Yazar(lar): Burcu Özcan, Ayşe Arı

Cilt: 2

Sayı: 1

Yıl: 2011

Sayfa: 121 – 142

ISSN: 1309-2448

Özet

Finansal gelişme, finansal liberalizasyon ve finansal derinlik son dönemde önemli tartışma konuları haline gelmiştir. Özellikle, finansal gelişmeyle ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki birçok yazar tarafından araştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda farklı ülke örnekleri ve farklı ekonometrik yöntemler kullanıldığından farklı sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle ilişkinin varlığı ve yönü hakkında bir uzlaşı söz konusu değildir. Bazı yazarlar bu durumu “yumurta-tavuk problemi” olarak adlandırmaktadır. İlişkinin yönü konusunda dört durum söz konusudur: ekonomik büyümeden finansal gelişmeye, finansal gelişmeden ekonomik büyümeye, iki yönlü bir ilişki ya da bu değişkenler arasında herhangi bir ilişkinin olmaması hali. Bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisinde finansal gelişme ile iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki 1998–2009 dönemi için VAR Modeli aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Türkiye’de finansal gelişme ile iktisadi büyüme arasında tek yönlü bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Bu ilişkinin yönü ise, Granger nedensellik testi sonucuna göre, ekonomik büyümeden finansal gelişmeye doğrudur. Böylece, Robinson tarafından ileri sürülen ve “talep takipli hipotez” olarak adlandırılan görüşü destekleyen bulgulara ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Finansal gelişme, Finansal liberalleşme, Finansal derinleşme, Ekonomik büyüme, VAR Modeli

JEL Sınıflandırması: E02, E44, O16

Abstract

Financial development, financial liberalization and financial deepness have been important research topics in recent years. Especially, the relationship between financial development and economic growth has been analyzed by many researchers. Different results have been obtained since the country sample and econometric methods used in the analysis are different. Thus, there isn’t any consensus about the presence and direction of this relationship. Some writers call this state “egg-chicken problem”. There are four situations about the direction of this relationship: from economic growth to financial development, from financial development to economic growth, bidirectional relationship or there may be no relationship between these variables. In this study the relationship between financial development and economic growth has been analyzed for Turkey by estimating a VAR Model over the 1998-2009 periods. According to Granger causality test, there is a uni-directional relationship between financial development and economic growth in Turkey. The direction of this relationship is from economic growth to financial development. Consequently, Robinson’s “demand-following hypothesis” is corroborated.

Keywords: Financial development, Financial liberalization, Financial deepness, Economic growth, VAR Model

JEL Classification: E02, E44, O16

 

 

Audit and Oversight of Audit in terms of Commerce Law of Turkey

Audit and Oversight of Audit in terms of Commerce Law of Turkey

Article Information

Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal

Title of Article: Audit and Oversight of Audit in terms of Commerce Law of Turkey
[Türkiye’de Ticaret Hukuku Çerçevesinde Denetim ve Denetimin Gözetimi]

Author(s): Umit Gucenme Gencoglu, Gulsun Isseveroglu, Yasemin Ertan

Volume: 2

Number: 1

Year: 2011

Page: 109 – 120

ISSN: 1309-2448

Abstract

While the rapid change brought by globalization of the economic life are enhancing world-wide the need for reliable and transparence information, the preparation of financial statement according to these two factors depends on establishing a unity between reporting standards and auditing applied around the world. Since 2005, stock market companies have started mandatory application of Turkish Accounting Standards (TASs), which is published in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA) and Capital Markets Board (CMB) have taken very significant steps towards implementation of independent audit. A new Draft Turkish Commerce Law (TCL), as a replacement of the current TCL, has been prepared and it is now underway of becoming law. Moreover, according to draft TCL, Turkish Audit and Assurance Standards Board should be established. All of these developments perform with the object of secure transition from a tax oriented auditing view point to economic auditing point. The current study aims to reveal the development and current condition of auditing in Turkey and what have done in terms of keep up with international development.

Keywords: Audit, Oversight of audit, Draft Turkish Commerce Law, International Audit Standards, Turkish Accounting Standards, Corporate governance

JEL Classification: M42, M48

 

 

Türkiye’de Ticaret Hukuku Çerçevesinde Denetim ve Denetimin Gözetimi

Türkiye’de Ticaret Hukuku Çerçevesinde Denetim ve Denetimin Gözetimi

Makale Bilgileri

Dergi: İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi

Makalenin Başlığı: Audit and Oversight of Audit in terms of Commerce Law of Turkey
[Türkiye’de Ticaret Hukuku Çerçevesinde Denetim ve Denetimin Gözetimi]

Yazar(lar): Ümit Gücenme Gencçoğlu, Gülsün İşseveroğlu, Yasemin Ertan

Cilt: 2

Sayı: 1

Yıl: 2011

Sayfa: 109 – 120

ISSN: 1309-2448

Özet

Küreselleşmenin getirdiği hızlı değişim ve ekonomik yaşamın karmaşıklaşması tüm dünyada güvenilir ve şeffaf bilgi ihtiyacını da artırmaktadır Bu niteliklere uygun finansal tabloların üretilmesi ise tüm dünyada raporlama ve denetim standartlarında birliğin sağlanmasına bağlıdır. Türkiye’de 2005 yılı başından bu yana sermaye piyasasındaki şirketler zorunlu olarak; Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartlarına uyumlu olarak yayınlanan Türkiye Muhasebe Standartları(TMS)’na uygun raporlama yapmaya başlamıştır. Bankacılık Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu (BDDK) ve Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu (SPK) bankaların ve Sermaye Piyasası Kanununa tabi ortaklıklarda bağımsız muhasebe denetiminin uygulanmasına yönelik oldukça önemli adımlar atmışlardır. Mevcut Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nun yerine yasalaşma sürecinde olan Türk Ticaret Kanunu Tasarısı hazırlanmıştır. Tasarı’da sermaye piyasası dışındaki işletmelerin de TMS’lere uygun raporlamaya ve bağımsız muhasebe denetimine tabi olmasına ilişkin düzenlemeler getirilmiştir. Ayrıca, tasarıya göre Türkiye Denetim ve Güvence Standartları Kurulu’nun oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Tüm bu gelişmeler ve Türk Ticaret Kanunu taslağında bulunan düzenlemeler, ülkemizde vergi ağırlıklı denetimden, ekonomik denetime doğru yöneliği gerçekleştirme amacını taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de muhasebe denetiminin mevcut durumunun ve bu konuda Uluslararası gelişmelere uyum çerçevesinde gelinen noktanın ortaya konması amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Muhasebe denetimi, Denetimin gözetimi, Türk Ticaret Kanunu Taslağı, Uluslararası Denetim Standartları, Türkiye Muhasebe Standartları, Kurumsal yönetim

JEL Sınıflandırması: M42, M48

Abstract

While the rapid change brought by globalization of the economic life are enhancing world-wide the need for reliable and transparence information, the preparation of financial statement according to these two factors depends on establishing a unity between reporting standards and auditing applied around the world. Since 2005, stock market companies have started mandatory application of Turkish Accounting Standards (TASs), which is published in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BRSA) and Capital Markets Board (CMB) have taken very significant steps towards implementation of independent audit. A new Draft Turkish Commerce Law (TCL), as a replacement of the current TCL, has been prepared and it is now underway of becoming law. Moreover, according to draft TCL, Turkish Audit and Assurance Standards Board should be established. All of these developments perform with the object of secure transition from a tax oriented auditing view point to economic auditing point. The current study aims to reveal the development and current condition of auditing in Turkey and what have done in terms of keep up with international development.

Keywords: Audit, Oversight of audit, Draft Turkish Commerce Law, International Audit Standards, Turkish Accounting Standards, Corporate governance

JEL Classification: M42, M48

 

 

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Empowerment and Organizational Commitment

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Empowerment and Organizational Commitment

Article Information

Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal

Title of Article: An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Empowerment and Organizational Commitment

Author(s): Azman Ismail, Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed, Ahmad Zaidi Sulaiman, Mohd Hamran Mohamad, Munirah Hanim Yusuf

Volume: 2

Number: 1

Year: 2011

Page: 89 – 107

ISSN: 1309-2448

Abstract

Organizational leadership literature highlights that transformational leadership has four salient features: intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, individualized influenced attributed, and individualized influence behavior. The ability of leaders to properly implement this leadership style may have a significant impact on organizational commitment. More importantly, recent studies in this area reveal that effect of transformational leadership style on organizational commitment is indirectly affected by empowerment. The nature of this relationship is interesting, but little is known about the mediating effect of empowerment in organizational leadership literature. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the influence of empowerment in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment using a sample of 118 usable questionnaires gathered from employees who have worked in one US subsidiary firm in East Malaysia, Malaysia. The results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the measurement scales used in this study satisfactorily met the standards of validity and reliability analyses. Further, the outcomes of Stepwise Regression analysis showed that the relationship between empowerment and transformational leadership positively and significantly correlated with the organizational commitment. Statistically, this result confirms that empowerment acts as a mediating variable in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment in the organizational sample. In addition, discussion, implications and conclusion are elaborated.

Keywords: Transformational leadership, Empowerment, Organizational commitment

JEL Classification: L20, M12, M19

 

 

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Empowerment and Organizational Commitment

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Empowerment and Organizational Commitment

Makale Bilgileri

Dergi: İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi

Makalenin Başlığı: An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Empowerment and Organizational Commitment

Yazar(lar): Azman Ismail, Hasan Al-Banna Mohamed, Ahmad Zaidi Sulaiman, Mohd Hamran Mohamad, Munirah Hanim Yusuf

Cilt: 2

Sayı: 1

Yıl: 2011

Sayfa: 89 – 107

ISSN: 1309-2448

Özet

Organizational leadership literature highlights that transformational leadership has four salient features: intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, individualized influenced attributed, and individualized influence behavior. The ability of leaders to properly implement this leadership style may have a significant impact on organizational commitment. More importantly, recent studies in this area reveal that effect of transformational leadership style on organizational commitment is indirectly affected by empowerment. The nature of this relationship is interesting, but little is known about the mediating effect of empowerment in organizational leadership literature. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the influence of empowerment in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment using a sample of 118 usable questionnaires gathered from employees who have worked in one US subsidiary firm in East Malaysia, Malaysia. The results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the measurement scales used in this study satisfactorily met the standards of validity and reliability analyses. Further, the outcomes of Stepwise Regression analysis showed that the relationship between empowerment and transformational leadership positively and significantly correlated with the organizational commitment. Statistically, this result confirms that empowerment acts as a mediating variable in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment in the organizational sample. In addition, discussion, implications and conclusion are elaborated.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Transformational leadership, Empowerment, Organizational commitment

JEL Sınıflandırması: L20, M12, M19

 

 

Suggestion of a Management Model: Total Entropy Management

Suggestion of a Management Model: Total Entropy Management

Article Information

Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal

Title of Article: Bir Yönetim Modeli Önerisi: Toplam Entropi Yönetimi
[Suggestion of a Management Model: Total Entropy Management]

Author(s): Goksel Alpan, Ismail Efil

Volume: 2

Number: 1

Year: 2011

Page: 53 – 87

ISSN: 1309-2448

Abstract

Entropy” can be defined as the measure of disorder, uncertainty and consumed energy in a system or in the Universe. In the study, entropy concept is used as metaphor and it is aimed to construct the conceptual basis of a new management model which can be utilized to manage all entropy sources effectively. The study is conveyed with a multidisciplinary and holistic approach and by the use of qualitative research techniques. In the study, it is examined the relations of the entropy concept with different disciplines like civilization history, sociology, economy, political sciences, ecology, environmental ethics, classical physics, quantum physics, nanotechnology, genetic science, information theory, network science, system theory, business management etc. and after the evaluation of the findings, it is constructed the conceptual basis of a new management model. At the beginning of the study, entropy concept is defined in detail and related concepts like social entropy, information entropy, negative entropy, heat death, matter chaos, entropic efficiency etc. are explained. Afterwards, important global entropy sources are examined and relations of the concept with actual political, economical, ecological, social and managerial problems and concepts are explained. The main aim of the study is to construct the conceptual basis of a new management model called “Total Entropy Management” which can be applied to governmental organizations, non profit organizations and business enterprises to be able to manage all entropy sources effectively.

Keywords: Entropy, Entropy management, Organizational management, Energy, Ecology

JEL Classification: M10, M14, Q01