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The Effect of Behavioral Instruments on the Savings in Private Pension Plans: The Case of Turkey

Posted on Tuesday April 26th, 2022Tuesday April 26th, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	The Effect of Behavioral Instruments on the Savings in Private Pension Plans: The Case of Turkey
Author(s):	Tulin Altun, Aykut Aydin
Volume:	13
Number:	2
Year:	2022
Page:	271-297
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.373

Abstract

In Turkey, significant changes have been made in the legislation of Individual Pension System (IPS) in 2012 (matching contribution system has been introduced) and 2016 (Automatic Enrollment System has been established). Thus, behavioral instruments which can be defined as libertarian paternalistic, such as default rules and framing, have begun to be used more effectively in IPS. When the progress in IPS between the years 2003-2021 is examined, it has been determined that behavioral instruments have a positive effect on the savings in the system, but these effects are small. It was concluded that the participants decided to continue or exit IPS with rational reasons. Participants who can benefit from full state subsidy in shorter time, have higher continuation rate and contribution amounts in the system. Participants exit the system when exits are optimal (such as after 36th months when they are entitled to benefit from the minimum state subsidy, and after the 5th year when entrance fees are no longer charged). With rational reasons like the real return of IPS being lower compared to alternative investment instruments and its fund management fees being high, the households in Turkey either do not prefer saving on IPS or see the IPS as a short-term saving instrument.

Keywords:

Individual Pension System, Default Rules, Framing, Libertarian Paternalism

JEL Classification:

D14, D91, G18

Full Text ( ↓ 1620)

Evaluating the Solution of Negative Externalities with the WINGS Method

Posted on Tuesday April 26th, 2022Tuesday April 26th, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Evaluating the Solution of Negative Externalities with the WINGS Method
Author(s):	Ibrahim Tolga Coskun, Oguzhan Bozatli
Volume:	13
Number:	2
Year:	2022
Page:	257-270
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.372

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate market and public solution proposals by comparing them in the internalization of negative externalities. In this framework, ten different criteria recommended in the studies conducted in the relevant field were discussed, and the examinations on these criteria were carried out by academicians working in one of the departments of fiscal theory or fiscal economics. For qualitative views to be converted into quantitative ones, to examine whether criteria are related to each other or not, and to reveal the existing relationships between criteria, WINGS, one of the multi-criteria decision-making techniques, was used as a method. In addition to the WINGS method results, the individual evaluation results of the academicians were given and compared. In this comparison, findings that were compatible and incompatible with the academicians’ individual evaluation views were also found. These similarities and differences were discussed in the study, and their possible reasons were revealed. Moreover, within the framework of the effects of criteria on each other, the affecting and affected groups’ differentiation were discussed. As a result of this evaluation, it was concluded that public solutions are more effective than market solutions among the solutions of negative externalities. It has been determined that taxes and regulations are the most effective solutions.

Keywords:

Externality, Public Economics, Multi Criteria Decision Making Techniques, Decision Analysis, WINGS

JEL Classification:

H23, C44, C65

Full Text ( ↓ 1684)

Effects of Uncertainties on Mode of Payment Terms in Foreign Trade between Turkey and the US: The Time-Varying Bootstrap Causality Test

Posted on Monday April 25th, 2022Tuesday April 26th, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Effects of Uncertainties on Mode of Payment Terms in Foreign Trade between Turkey and the US: The Time-Varying Bootstrap Causality Test
Author(s):	Oguzhan Ozcelik
Volume:	13
Number:	2
Year:	2022
Page:	239-256
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.371

Abstract

In this study, the effects of trade and economy policy uncertainties (TPU and EPU) and degree of volatility in the stock markets (VIX) on mode of payment preferred in foreign trade activities between Turkey and the US were analyzed through the Hacker and Hatemi-J (2012) bootstrap causality test for the 2002:01-2021:M05 periods, and the Yilanci and Kilci (2021) time-varying bootstrap causality test for the sub-periods. According to the Hacker and Hatemi-J (2012) test, there are causality relations from TPU to Turkey’s cash exports to the US, from VIX to Turkey’s deferred exports to the US, from EPU to Turkey’s deferred imports from the US as well as to the payment against goods import. The results of the Yilanci and Kilci (2021) test show that the Turkish and US companies try to secure themselves, preferring cash exports during periods of increased uncertainties in the US’ trade and economy policies. This impact has stood out more specifically during Trump’s presidency (2016-2020) and Covid-19 pandemic. While EPU has been more determinative in deferred exports from Turkey to the US, TPU, EPU and VIX have been more effective in Turkey’s imports from the US. EPU and VIX are the determinants in payment against goods trade activities between Turkey and the US. Therefore, for Turkish companies trading with the US, it would be fine to follow closely the TPU, EPU and VIX indicators in the US.

Keywords:

Trade Policy Uncertainties, Economy Policy Uncertainties, Volatility Index in the Markets, Payment Terms in Foreign Trade, Time-varying Causality Test

JEL Classification:

D81, F14, F41

Full Text ( ↓ 1207)

Clustering Countries on Logistics Performance and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis

Posted on Monday April 25th, 2022Tuesday April 26th, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Clustering Countries on Logistics Performance and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis
Author(s):	Mustafa Polat, Karahan Kara, Galip Cihan Yalcin
Volume:	13
Number:	2
Year:	2022
Page:	221-238
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.370

Abstract

The logistics industry is among the industries that affect carbon dioxide emissions. The logistics activities of the countries produce CO2 emissions. For this reason, there is a significant relationship between the logistics performance of countries and their CO2 emissions. In this study, it is aimed to make a cluster analysis by considering the CO2 emission per capita efficiency of the countries and their logistics performance. The empirical study was completed in three stages. In the first stage, hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted with the logistics performances of the countries and the CO2 emission per capita. In the second stage, the CO2 emission per capita efficiency based on the logistics performance sub-indicators of the countries were determined by data envelopment analysis. In the third stage, non-hierarchical clustering analysis was performed with the variables of logistics performances and CO2 emission per capita efficiency of the countries. 2018 logistics performance index (LPI) and CO2 emission per capita data of 150 countries were used. According to the research findings, there are differences in the findings of hierarchical clustering analysis and non-hierarchical clustering analysis. In the conclusion part of the study, the differences between the clusters were explained and suggestions were developed for the researchers.

Keywords:

Logistics Performance, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission, Hierarchical Clustering Analysis, Non-Hierarchical Clustering Analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis

JEL Classification:

M10, M20

Full Text ( ↓ 1377)

The Relationship of Export, Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Carbon Emission in Turkey

Posted on Monday April 25th, 2022Tuesday April 26th, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	The Relationship of Export, Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and Carbon Emission in Turkey
Author(s):	Mine Yilmazer, Batuhan Karabiber
Volume:	13
Number:	2
Year:	2022
Page:	199-220
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.369

Abstract

In recent years, liberalization of trade and rapid industrialization activities have increased Turkey’s share in carbon dioxide CO2 emissions and global warming, like other emerging market economies. In this context, the research carried out and the measures to be taken are very important for future generations. The aim of this study is to test the effects of exports, foreign direct investments (FDI), and gross domestic product (GDP) on environmental pollution in Turkey. Additionally, the change in the competitiveness of the export of dirty sectors in Turkey in recent years has been examined in the study. In this context, two separate analyzes were carried out. Firstly, the competitiveness in the export of dirty sectors between 1995-2019 was calculated using Balassa (1965)’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index. It has been determined that Turkey has a comparative advantage in iron-steel, non-metallic minerals, and paper sectors. In the second stage, the ARDL bound test for the existence of a long-term relationship between exports, FDI, GDP, and CO2 emissions between 1974-2019 in Turkey, and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test was applied to determine the direction of the relationship between the variables. According to the findings, exports have a statistically significant effect on CO2 emissions. On the other hand, no strong link and causality relationship was found between FDI and CO2 emissions.

Keywords:

Pollution Haven Hypothesis, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Export of Dirty Sectors, Foreign Direct Investments

JEL Classification:

F14, F18, F43

Full Text ( ↓ 1560)

Relationship with Regional Unemployment and Types of Crime in Turkey: Panel Data Approach

Posted on Monday April 25th, 2022Tuesday April 26th, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Relationship with Regional Unemployment and Types of Crime in Turkey: Panel Data Approach
Author(s):	Mehmet Cinar, Canan Tas
Volume:	13
Number:	2
Year:	2022
Page:	179-197
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.368

Abstract

In this study, using the 2009-2019 period data for 26 regions of Turkey, the relationship between unemployment and crime types was examined with a panel data approach. In addition, the crime model was analyzed in two categories as against property and life. According to the findings obtained from the analysis results, it was concluded that the relationship between unemployment and crime was positive in the direction of expectations. When evaluated in terms of different crime types, it was revealed that the most common crime type of unemployed individuals was theft, and the least type of crime was insult. When looking at the results of crimes against property and life, it was determined that the increase in unemployment by one thousand increases the crimes against property almost three times compared to crimes against life. In addition, it was determined that the increases in unemployment and divorce increase the tendency to crime, and the increases in income and education reduce the tendency to crime. Furthermore, unemployment, divorce, income, and education variables were all found to be more effective on crimes against property than crimes against life. Although many independent variables were used in the multiple regression model, it was determined that the most effective variable on crime was unemployment.

Keywords:

Unemployment, Crime, Fixed Effects Model, Random Effects Model, PCSE

JEL Classification:

C23, E24, K42

Full Text ( ↓ 3150)

Factors Affecting Combi Boiler Preferences of Consumers: A Study in Context of Technology Acceptance Model

Posted on Sunday January 30th, 2022Monday January 31st, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	Factors Affecting Combi Boiler Preferences of Consumers: A Study in Context of Technology Acceptance Model
Author(s):	Volkan Ozbek, Izay Tahtaci
Volume:	13
Number:	1
Year:	2022
Page:	159-178
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.367

Abstract

The main purpose of this research is to determine the factors affecting the combi boiler preferences of consumers within the scope of the Technology Acceptance Model. In the research model, as well as the Technology Acceptance Model variables, there are perceived risk and subjective norm variables that are thought to be effective in combi boiler preference. In order to achieve the research aim, an online questionnaire was applied to 267 people who purchased natural gas combi boilers in the last year, selected by guided sampling method. Structural equation modeling was used in the analysis of the collected data. When the findings obtained as a result of the analyzes were evaluated, it was concluded that the variables of perceived ease of use, perceived benefit, perceived risk, and subjective norm were effective on attitude. In addition, it was observed that the relationship between the attitude variable and the intention variable, which was tested in this study, was positive and statistically significant. In addition, the expected relationship between the subjective norm variable and the perceived benefit variable could not be confirmed in this study.

Keywords:

Technology Acceptance Model, Natural Gas Combi Boiler, Perceived Risk, Subjective Norm

JEL Classification:

M30, M31

Full Text ( ↓ 1624)

A Qualitative Study on Secret Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages: The Case of Izmir

Posted on Sunday January 30th, 2022Monday January 31st, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	A Qualitative Study on Secret Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages: The Case of Izmir
Author(s):	Dogan Basaran, Ayla Ozhan Dedeoglu
Volume:	13
Number:	1
Year:	2022
Page:	143-157
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.366

Abstract

Secrecy is defined as an act of omission of information from a social environment or inclusion of other information to divert social attention by masking private information. Consumers may need secrecy to protect privacy, conform to the social environment without attracting unwanted attention, and/or avoid discrepancies between actual and ideal, and normative “ought” selves. Secret consumption experiences may differ based on product characteristics and social and cultural context. The present phenomenological study aims to explore the secret consumption of alcoholic beverages, which is described as a demerit good, and was carried out to find out the reasons for confidentiality, how it is experienced in purchasing and consumption practices, and its effects on consumer behavior. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using data collected from a sample of young and educated secret alcohol consumers residing in the province of Izmir. The findings show that participants keep their consumption secret from immediate environment and families. Consumers use various coping strategies that enable protecting their privacy and social identities, while maintaining their consumption at a minimum risk. It has been found that secret alcohol consumption leads to mental preoccupation and reduces satisfaction with consumption.

Keywords:

Secret Consumption, Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages, Social Identity, Self-Discrepancy, Preoccupation

JEL Classification:

M31, H49

Full Text ( ↓ 1460)

The Effect of Halal Product Knowledge, Halal Awareness, Perceived Psychological Risk and Halal Product Attitude on Purchasing Intention

Posted on Sunday January 30th, 2022Monday January 31st, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	The Effect of Halal Product Knowledge, Halal Awareness, Perceived Psychological Risk and Halal Product Attitude on Purchasing Intention
Author(s):	Abdulkadir Ozturk
Volume:	13
Number:	1
Year:	2022
Page:	127-141
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.365

Abstract

It is considered that individuals should know the concept of halal and be aware of the conditions that make a product halal in order for consumers to have the intention to purchase halal products. The aim of this study is to find out the attitudes and purchase intentions of consumers towards halal chicken products under the model of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP). It also aimed to determine consumers’ halal awareness of halal chicken products and the effect of perceived psychological risk on purchase intention. The data required for the study were collected from the individuals who purchased chicken using convenience sampling method through an online questionnaire form. The data collection process was completed with the participation of 410 people assumed to represent the universe. The research model and hypotheses between variables were tested using the structural equation modeling method. The results of the analysis show that knowledge about halal products, awareness of halal products, and perceived psychological risk have a significant and positive influence on attitudes toward halal chicken products. In addition, attitudes towards halal chicken products, awareness of halal products, and perceived psychological risk were found to have a significant and positive influence on purchase intention.

Keywords:

Halal Product Knowledge, Halal Awareness, Perceived Psychological Risk towards Halal Products, Attitude towards Halal Products, Intention to Purchase Halal Products

JEL Classification:

M30, M31

Full Text ( ↓ 2210)

The Importance of Personal Reputation in Organizations and Its Benefits to Organizations: A Literature Review

Posted on Sunday January 30th, 2022Monday January 31st, 2022 by editor

Article Information

Journal:	Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article:	The Importance of Personal Reputation in Organizations and Its Benefits to Organizations: A Literature Review
Author(s):	Benan Gok
Volume:	13
Number:	1
Year:	2022
Page:	109-126
ISSN:	2619-9491
DOI Number:	10.20409/berj.2022.364

Abstract

A personal reputation is a perceptual identity in which an individual shows obvious personal characteristics and achievements and reflects the behavior that the individual reports directly from observed or secondary sources. In today’s competitive world, the concept of reputation is frequently used in organizations. The importance of personal reputation, which is the micro level of reputation, especially has significant effects on an individual’s career, human resources decisions, and business results. It has been determined that the studies on personal reputation in organizations continue to add richness to the relevant literature in the international business literature, and there has not been enough research in the national literature. In this study, the conceptualization of personal reputation, which is seen as inadequate in national business literature, and how reputations are developed and how they spread to an organization are examined through various theories. It is also explained what benefits personal reputation brings to individuals and organizations. Finally, a general assessment was made, and recommendations for future research were presented.

Keywords:

Reputation, Personal Reputation, Workplace, Employees, Political Skill, Job Performance

JEL Classification:

M12, M19

Full Text ( ↓ 1491)