Category: Makale

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Intrinsic Motivation Scale

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Intrinsic Motivation Scale

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Intrinsic Motivation Scale
Author(s): Mine Aydemir Dev, Nese Aral, Mehlika Sarac, Nuran Bayram Arli
Volume: 13
Number: 1
Year: 2022
Page: 59-73
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2022.361
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the Turkish validity and reliability of the Intrinsic Motiva-tion Scale developed by Kuvaas (2006), Kuvaas and Dysvik (2009), which is used to measure the intrinsic motivation of employees. The sample consists of employees over the age of 18. In order to carry out the validity and reliability study, after the linguistic validation (translate-back translate), a pre-test was applied and the validity of the scale was examined with the help of two different samples (N = 210, N = 262). Both samples consist of employees. The scale was evaluated with five point Likert as in the original. Explanatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to investigate the factor structure of the intrinsic mo-tivation scale. Cronbach alpha and composite reliability values were calculated for the meas-urement of reliability, and AVE was calculated for convergent validity. As a result of explana-tory factor analysis, factor load values were obtained over 0.50. At the same time, fit indices provided by confirmatory factor analysis results were within the acceptable range. According to results, the Turkish version of the Intrinsic Motivation Scale is a valid and reliable meas-urement tool to conduct researches in the Turkish context.

Keywords: Intrinsic Motivation Scale, Factor Analysis, Validity, Reliability

JEL Classification: J50, C10, C38

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

Financial Bubbles and Bursts by Quarterly Periods in the Three Countries at the Core of 1997 Asian Crisis: South Korea, Philippines, and Thailand (1990-2019)

Financial Bubbles and Bursts by Quarterly Periods in the Three Countries at the Core of 1997 Asian Crisis: South Korea, Philippines, and Thailand (1990-2019)

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: Financial Bubbles and Bursts by Quarterly Periods in the Three Countries at the Core of 1997 Asian Crisis: South Korea, Philippines, and Thailand (1990-2019)
Author(s): Cengiz Samur
Volume: 13
Number: 1
Year: 2022
Page: 31-57
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2022.360
Abstract
The bubble of price, as theoretical, is “too big deviation of asset’s price from its fundamental (intrinsic) value”. In regard to the country, as empirical; (i) financial asset price bubble happens when “a change (increase) in the financial nominal price index (percent) exceeds the sum of inflation and economic growth rates, at least as 25 %”, on the other hand, (ii) the bubble burst happens when there is “a too sharp decline in the financial asset nominal price index”, and when there is a decrease in the index in related to the total of inflation and growth rates, at least as 20%. Since the 2008 Financial Crisis, the debate of “financial bubbles and correct monetary policy” has been blown: Is macroeconomic stability possible in the country without financial stability? Is it required and possible to prevent a bubble formation and its growth? What should the Central Bank do? How should the monetary policy respond to the bubbles? The study is important due to its contribution to this debate. In this study, the financial bubbles that occurred quarterly in the period of 1990-2019 and in the three countries (in South Korea, Philippines, and Thailand) , which were amongst the countries at the core of the 1997 Asian crisis, are handled. They are essentially focused on the bubble bursts. It is the purpose to determine there is a connection between bubble burst cases and cumulative real cost, decrease in growth rate, or economic contraction. If there is a strong relation, to maintain macroeconomic stability in the markets, the government has to fulfill proactive (macroprudential) policies and has to intervene not only on bubble bursts, but also on bubble’s formation. However, some relations with only weak or middle degrees were reached.

Keywords: Financial Bubble, Bubble Burst, South Korea, Philippines, Thailand

JEL Classification: C10, E44, G01, G12

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Export: An Econometric Analysis for the Turkish Economy

The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Export: An Econometric Analysis for the Turkish Economy

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Export: An Econometric Analysis for the Turkish Economy
Author(s): Cuneyt Dumrul, Kerem Hulusi Gokalp
Volume: 13
Number: 1
Year: 2022
Page: 11-30
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2022.359
Abstract
Foreign trade and its determinants have become important because of the increasing financialization and globalization of the world economy. The importance of competitiveness in exports has led to the importance of exchange rate policies and the volatility of the exchange rate. Although there are many factors affecting exports, the main factor on which exporters are based is exchange rate and exchange rate volatility. The main objective of this study is to determine the direction and size of the effect of the exchange rate volatility on exports in the Turkish economy. In the econometric analysis of the study, data for the period 1998:01-2020:01 are used. In the empirical part of this study, the effect of exchange rate volatility estimated by ARCH/GARCH model on the exports of the Turkish economy is analyzed by ARDL methodology. As a result of the econometric analysis, it was found that exchange rate volatility positively affected exports, and the elasticity relationship between these two variables was low (0.05).

Keywords: Turkish Economy, Export, Exchange Rate Volatility, ARCH/GARCH Model, ARDL Test

JEL Classification: F10, F31

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

Location Choice under Spillovers

Location Choice under Spillovers

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: Location Choice under Spillovers
Author(s): Özgün Ekici, Bugra Caskurlu
Volume: 13
Number: 1
Year: 2022
Page: 1-9
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2022.358
Abstract
This paper introduces the location choice under spillovers game: A number of firms choose from among a number of alternative locations. A firm’s payoff at some location is the sum of two factors: Its location-specific idiosyncratic payoff; and the positive spillover it receives, which is a function of the number of firms choosing the same location. The spillover function is location-specific and monotonically increasing. This game form can be viewed as an extension of the classic “battle of sexes” game. It can also be used to model real-life game-theoretic situations with network effects, such as when app users choose from alternative social media or instant messaging apps. In our main result, we show that the location choice under spillovers game is a potential game, and hence, it always admits a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies. We also show that: A Nash equilibrium outcome need not be Pareto efficient. An outcome that is Pareto efficient need not be a Nash equilibrium. And a Nash equilibrium is not necessarily a strong equilibrium.

Keywords: Pure strategy Nash equilibrium, Existence, Potential Games, Location Choice, Spillovers, Network Externalities

JEL Classification: C72, D62

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network?  Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies

Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies
Author(s): Adnan Veysel Ertemel, Ahmed Ammoura
Volume: 12
Number: 4
Year: 2021
Page: 871-881
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2021.357
Abstract
As broadband internet speed increases worldwide, video consumption habits gain momentum. YouTube is by far the most dominant video platform on the Internet. Apart from its social networking site characteristics, YouTube is also known as the second most visited search engine in the world. This paper studies YouTube from marketing perspective. By looking from the categorization theory, evaluative inconsistencies associated with the YouTube platform are investigated. YouTube platform is unique in that it has hybrid product characteristics encompassing both search engine and social networking site features. In the light of the previous literature on category knowledge, devaluation effect, integrated evaluation and bivariate evaluation space (BES) theories, the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used to examine the evaluative inconsistencies between the two categories of YouTube. Findings showed a positive correlation between the two categories, so basically users tend to eliminate the inconsistencies by formulating a general attitude towards both categories. This article makes important contributions to the existing literature by testing such a hybrid model in categorization research. Moreover, the paper has significant managerial implications for the marketers who want to understand the underlying characteristics of different users using a dominant platform like YouTube.

Keywords: Categorization Theory, Evaluative Inconsistencies, YouTube, Search Engine, Social Media

JEL Classification: L86, D91

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

Consumer Cynicism towards The Service Sector: A Study in terms of Demographic Characteristics

Consumer Cynicism towards The Service Sector: A Study in terms of Demographic Characteristics

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: Consumer Cynicism towards The Service Sector: A Study in terms of Demographic Characteristics
Author(s): Gamze Akcay, Erkan Ozdemir
Volume: 12
Number: 4
Year: 2021
Page: 855-870
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2021.356
Abstract
Consumer cynicism reflects a general belief that businesses are malicious. In line with this belief, cynical consumers have negative feelings towards businesses, and as the severity of cynicism increases, they begin to exhibit very harmful behaviors for businesses. When the relevant literature is examined, it is seen that studies on consumer cynicism are limited, and consumer cynicism has not been adequately researched in terms of demographic characteristics in previous studies. On the other hand, almost no studies address consumer cynicism as a specific attitude towards service businesses or the service sector. Therefore, this study aims to reveal whether consumer cynicism towards the service sector differs according to demographic characteristics. This study was carried out on consumers who buy/use services in Bursa, and convenience sampling and face-to-face survey methods were used in the study. The data were analyzed with an independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. As a result of the analysis, it was found that consumer cynicism towards the service sector differed significantly according to marital status but did not differ significantly according to gender, age, education level, and income. According to the marital status finding of the study, consumer cynicism towards the service sector is more common among married consumers than single consumers.

Keywords: Cynicism, Consumer Cynicism, Demographic Characteristics, Gender, Marital Status, Age, Education, Income

JEL Classification: M30, M31, M39

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

Determining the Moderating Role of Career Guidance in the Relationship Between Social Isolation and Job Search Self-Efficacy: A Study on University Students

Determining the Moderating Role of Career Guidance in the Relationship Between Social Isolation and Job Search Self-Efficacy: A Study on University Students

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: Determining the Moderating Role of Career Guidance in the Relationship Between Social Isolation and Job Search Self-Efficacy: A Study on University Students
Author(s): Busra Muceldili, Melike Artar, Oya Erdil
Volume: 12
Number: 4
Year: 2021
Page: 843-854
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2021.355
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between university students’ social isolation experience and job search self-efficacy. Demographic variables (gender and seniority) were examined to explain these relationships. In addition, the career guide’s moderator role has been investigated on the relationship between social isolation experience and job search self-efficacy. Within the scope of the research, data were collected from 275 university students using the snowball method. The findings obtained from the sample revealed that social isolation experience was negatively related to job search self-efficacy. According to the results, there is no significant difference between men and women in terms of job search self-efficacy. This study also demonstrated that grade level is essential for explaining job search self-efficacy. Using structural equation modeling findings indicated that career guidance significantly moderated the relationship between social isolation experience and job search self-efficacy. These results suggest that feeling alone or excluded for undergraduate students may link to job search behaviors and decrease confidence in career decision-making.

Keywords: Job Search Self-Efficacy, Social Isolation, Undergraduate Students, Career Guidance, Gender

JEL Classification: P36, I20

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

An Evaluation on Austria-Hungary’s Industrial Process

An Evaluation on Austria-Hungary’s Industrial Process

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: An Evaluation on Austria-Hungary’s Industrial Process
Author(s): Ayda Aslan
Volume: 12
Number: 4
Year: 2021
Page: 813-827
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2021.354
Abstract
This study examines the dynamics behind the industrialization of Austria and Hungary, which entered the industrial revolution late. In these countries where there are no prerequisites for industrialization, these conditions are replaced by substitutes. According to the historical findings obtained from the industrial processes of the Habsburg empire, which consists of two independent states in its internal affairs, the substitutional factors and institutions in the industrialization processes of the two countries vary. In this context, the study, on the one hand, tries to explain the industrialization processes of Austria and Hungary between 1850-1913 comparatively, on the other hand, it reveals the heterogeneous structure of the institutions and institutional qualities of the countries that have fulfilled the necessary conditions for the industrialization process under the same empire.

Keywords: Austria, Hungary, Industrialization, Universal Banks, Government Policies, Institutional Factors

JEL Classification: N13, O23, N64

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

Investigation of the Validity of Purchasing Power Parity with Fourier Unit Root Test: The Case of N-11 Countries

Investigation of the Validity of Purchasing Power Parity with Fourier Unit Root Test: The Case of N-11 Countries

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: Investigation of the Validity of Purchasing Power Parity with Fourier Unit Root Test: The Case of N-11 Countries
Author(s): Tunahan Haciimamoglu
Volume: 12
Number: 4
Year: 2021
Page: 799-811
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2021.353
Abstract
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is an approach which is based on the law of one price and balances the purchasing power of currencies by excluding price differences among countries. The interest in the PPP hypothesis, which is also used as an international development criteria, has been increasing due to price instability and trade deficits faced by countries. Along with the increasing interest, the validity of the PPP hypothesis is tested more often for different country groups and time periods by using modern analysis methods. The aim of this study is to test the validity of the PPP hypothesis for the period 1970-2019 in nine of N-11 countries. Accordingly, the BCIPS unit root analysis method, which allows for cross-section dependence, soft breaks, and common factor structure and which was proposed by Lee, Wu, and Yang (2016), was used as a modern test technique in the study. The findings of the analysis suggest that the real exchange rates for N-11 countries are stationary, therefore, it is concluded that the PPP hypothesis is valid. In this respect, it is revealed that the effect of shocks on the real (effective) exchange rate in N-11 countries is temporary and that PPP can be used as a reliable indicator in monetary policy decisions and international development measures.

Keywords: Purchasing Power Parity, Real Exchange Rate, Fourier Unit Root Test, Stationarity, N-11 Countries

JEL Classification: C23, F31, F41

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text

Testing of the Feldstein-Horioka Hypothesis for Turkey: A Fourier Approach

Testing of the Feldstein-Horioka Hypothesis for Turkey: A Fourier Approach

Article Information
Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal
Title of Article: Testing of the Feldstein-Horioka Hypothesis for Turkey: A Fourier Approach
Author(s): Omer Akkus
Volume: 12
Number: 4
Year: 2021
Page: 787-798
ISSN: 2619-9491
DOI Number: 10.20409/berj.2021.352
Abstract
This study investigates the Feldstein-Horioka hypothesis, which addresses the relationship between domestic investments and savings within the framework of capital mobility whether it is valid for Turkey in the period of 1980-2020. The Fourier KPSS stationarity test based on the KPSS test in revealing the stationarity levels of the variables is applied. The cointegration relationship between variables is revealed through the Fourier cointegration which allows structural change in the cointegration relationship and Shin cointegration test. The coefficient of the model established in the study is estimated by the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares method. The results indicate that there is a long-run relationship between domestic savings and investments when structural change is allowed. It is revealed that domestic savings are insufficient to meet investments while it is determined that the saving coefficient considered as an independent variable in the study is close to zero and the capital mobility is high. As a result, it has been determined that the Feldstein-Horioka hypothesis is not valid for Turkey. Since Turkey is faced with a lack of savings in meeting domestic investments, the development of policies that encourage the entry of foreign capital into the country will allow more investments to be made in the country and contribute to its faster growth.

Keywords: Feldstein-Horioka Hypothesis, International Capital Mobility, Investment, Saving, Fourier Cointegration

JEL Classification: C22, E21, E22

https://www.berjournal.com/wp-content/plugins/downloads-manager/img/icons/pdf.gif Full Text